JavaScript/Node 擁有最大的函式庫生態系統，涵蓋大量可簡化開發的功能，因此我始終可以選擇哪一個更適合您的目的。然而，如果我們談論 3D 圖形，則沒有那麼多很酷的選擇，而Three.js可能是其中最好的，並且擁有最大的社區。

那麼讓我們深入研究 Three.js 並使用它來建立 Solar 系統。在這篇文章中我將介紹：

• 初始化專案和場景

• 創造太陽

• 創造行星

• 部署到 GitHub 頁面

初始化專案和場景

首先，為了初始化專案，我使用Vite並安裝 Three.js 依賴項。現在的問題是如何設定 Three.js。為此，您需要三樣東西：場景、相機和渲染器。我還使用內建插件 OrbitControls，它允許我在場景中導航。啟動應用程式後，應出現黑屏。

import { Scene, WebGLRenderer, PerspectiveCamera } from "three";
import { OrbitControls } from "three/addons/controls/OrbitControls.js";

const w = window.innerWidth;
const h = window.innerHeight;

const scene = new Scene();
const camera = new PerspectiveCamera(75, w / h, 0.1, 100);
const renderer = new WebGLRenderer();
const controls = new OrbitControls(camera, renderer.domElement);

controls.minDistance = 10;
controls.maxDistance = 60;
camera.position.set(30 * Math.cos(Math.PI / 6), 30 * Math.sin(Math.PI / 6), 40);

renderer.setSize(w, h);
document.body.appendChild(renderer.domElement);

renderer.render(scene, camera);

window.addEventListener("resize", () => {
  const w = window.innerWidth;
  const h = window.innerHeight;
  renderer.setSize(w, h);
  camera.aspect = w / h;
  camera.updateProjectionMatrix();
});

const animate = () => {
  requestAnimationFrame(animate);
  controls.update();
  renderer.render(scene, camera);
};

animate();

您可能會注意到，我透過控制限制了變焦，並且還更改了相機的預設角度。這將有助於在後續步驟中正確顯示場景。

現在是時候加入一個簡單的星空了，因為我們的太陽系應該被恆星包圍。為了簡化說明，假設您有一個球體，並且在該球體上隨機選取 1,000 個點。然後，透過將星形紋理映射到這些點上來建立星形。最後，我加入動畫以使所有這些點都繞著 y 軸旋轉。這樣，星域就可以加入到場景中了。

import {
  Group,
  Color,
  Points,
  Vector3,
  TextureLoader,
  PointsMaterial,
  BufferGeometry,
  AdditiveBlending,
  Float32BufferAttribute,
} from "three";

export class Starfield {
  group;
  loader;
  animate;

  constructor({ numStars = 1000 } = {}) {
    this.numStars = numStars;

    this.group = new Group();
    this.loader = new TextureLoader();

    this.createStarfield();

    this.animate = this.createAnimateFunction();
    this.animate();
  }

  createStarfield() {
    let col;
    const verts = [];
    const colors = [];
    const positions = [];

    for (let i = 0; i < this.numStars; i += 1) {
      let p = this.getRandomSpherePoint();
      const { pos, hue } = p;
      positions.push(p);
      col = new Color().setHSL(hue, 0.2, Math.random());
      verts.push(pos.x, pos.y, pos.z);
      colors.push(col.r, col.g, col.b);
    }

    const geo = new BufferGeometry();
    geo.setAttribute("position", new Float32BufferAttribute(verts, 3));
    geo.setAttribute("color", new Float32BufferAttribute(colors, 3));
    const mat = new PointsMaterial({
      size: 0.2,
      alphaTest: 0.5,
      transparent: true,
      vertexColors: true,
      blending: AdditiveBlending,
      map: this.loader.load("/solar-system-threejs/assets/circle.png"),
    });
    const points = new Points(geo, mat);
    this.group.add(points);
  }

  getRandomSpherePoint() {
    const radius = Math.random() * 25 + 25;
    const u = Math.random();
    const v = Math.random();
    const theta = 2 * Math.PI * u;
    const phi = Math.acos(2 * v - 1);
    let x = radius * Math.sin(phi) * Math.cos(theta);
    let y = radius * Math.sin(phi) * Math.sin(theta);
    let z = radius * Math.cos(phi);

    return {
      pos: new Vector3(x, y, z),
      hue: 0.6,
      minDist: radius,
    };
  }

  createAnimateFunction() {
    return () => {
      requestAnimationFrame(this.animate);
      this.group.rotation.y += 0.00005;
    };
  }

  getStarfield() {
    return this.group;
  }
}

新增星空很簡單，只需使用場景類別中的 add 方法即可

const starfield = new Starfield().getStarfield();
scene.add(starfield);

至於紋理，您可以在存儲庫中找到該專案中使用的所有紋理，該存儲庫連結在文章末尾。大多數紋理均取自該站點，但恆星和行星環紋理除外。

創造太陽

對於太陽，我使用了二十面體幾何體並在其上映射了紋理。使用改進的噪聲，我實現了太陽脈衝的效果，模擬真實恆星向太空發射能量流的方式。太陽不僅僅是一個帶有映射紋理的圖形；它也是一個圖形。它還需要成為場景中的光源，因此我使用 PointLight 來模擬它。

import {
  Mesh,
  Group,
  Color,
  Vector3,
  BackSide,
  PointLight,
  TextureLoader,
  ShaderMaterial,
  AdditiveBlending,
  DynamicDrawUsage,
  MeshBasicMaterial,
  IcosahedronGeometry,
} from "three";
import { ImprovedNoise } from "three/addons/math/ImprovedNoise.js";

export class Sun {
  group;
  loader;
  animate;
  corona;
  sunRim;
  glow;

  constructor() {
    this.sunTexture = "/solar-system-threejs/assets/sun-map.jpg";

    this.group = new Group();
    this.loader = new TextureLoader();

    this.createCorona();
    this.createRim();
    this.addLighting();
    this.createGlow();
    this.createSun();

    this.animate = this.createAnimateFunction();
    this.animate();
  }

  createSun() {
    const map = this.loader.load(this.sunTexture);
    const sunGeometry = new IcosahedronGeometry(5, 12);
    const sunMaterial = new MeshBasicMaterial({
      map,
      emissive: new Color(0xffff99),
      emissiveIntensity: 1.5,
    });
    const sunMesh = new Mesh(sunGeometry, sunMaterial);
    this.group.add(sunMesh);

    this.group.add(this.sunRim);

    this.group.add(this.corona);

    this.group.add(this.glow);

    this.group.userData.update = (t) => {
      this.group.rotation.y = -t / 5;
      this.corona.userData.update(t);
    };
  }

  createCorona() {
    const coronaGeometry = new IcosahedronGeometry(4.9, 12);
    const coronaMaterial = new MeshBasicMaterial({
      color: 0xff0000,
      side: BackSide,
    });
    const coronaMesh = new Mesh(coronaGeometry, coronaMaterial);
    const coronaNoise = new ImprovedNoise();

    let v3 = new Vector3();
    let p = new Vector3();
    let pos = coronaGeometry.attributes.position;
    pos.usage = DynamicDrawUsage;
    const len = pos.count;

    const update = (t) => {
      for (let i = 0; i < len; i += 1) {
        p.fromBufferAttribute(pos, i).normalize();
        v3.copy(p).multiplyScalar(5);
        let ns = coronaNoise.noise(
          v3.x + Math.cos(t),
          v3.y + Math.sin(t),
          v3.z + t
        );
        v3.copy(p)
          .setLength(5)
          .addScaledVector(p, ns * 0.4);
        pos.setXYZ(i, v3.x, v3.y, v3.z);
      }
      pos.needsUpdate = true;
    };

    coronaMesh.userData.update = update;
    this.corona = coronaMesh;
  }

  createGlow() {
    const uniforms = {
      color1: { value: new Color(0x000000) },
      color2: { value: new Color(0xff0000) },
      fresnelBias: { value: 0.2 },
      fresnelScale: { value: 1.5 },
      fresnelPower: { value: 4.0 },
    };

    const vertexShader = `
    uniform float fresnelBias;
    uniform float fresnelScale;
    uniform float fresnelPower;

    varying float vReflectionFactor;

    void main() {
      vec4 mvPosition = modelViewMatrix * vec4( position, 1.0 );
      vec4 worldPosition = modelMatrix * vec4( position, 1.0 );

      vec3 worldNormal = normalize( mat3( modelMatrix[0].xyz, modelMatrix[1].xyz, modelMatrix[2].xyz ) * normal );

      vec3 I = worldPosition.xyz - cameraPosition;

      vReflectionFactor = fresnelBias + fresnelScale * pow( 1.0 + dot( normalize( I ), worldNormal ), fresnelPower );

      gl_Position = projectionMatrix * mvPosition;
    }
    `;

    const fragmentShader = `
      uniform vec3 color1;
      uniform vec3 color2;

      varying float vReflectionFactor;

      void main() {
        float f = clamp( vReflectionFactor, 0.0, 1.0 );
        gl_FragColor = vec4(mix(color2, color1, vec3(f)), f);
      }
    `;

    const sunGlowMaterial = new ShaderMaterial({
      uniforms,
      vertexShader,
      fragmentShader,
      transparent: true,
      blending: AdditiveBlending,
    });
    const sunGlowGeometry = new IcosahedronGeometry(5, 12);
    const sunGlowMesh = new Mesh(sunGlowGeometry, sunGlowMaterial);
    sunGlowMesh.scale.setScalar(1.1);
    this.glow = sunGlowMesh;
  }

  createRim() {
    const uniforms = {
      color1: { value: new Color(0xffff99) },
      color2: { value: new Color(0x000000) },
      fresnelBias: { value: 0.2 },
      fresnelScale: { value: 1.5 },
      fresnelPower: { value: 4.0 },
    };

    const vertexShader = `
    uniform float fresnelBias;
    uniform float fresnelScale;
    uniform float fresnelPower;

    varying float vReflectionFactor;

    void main() {
      vec4 mvPosition = modelViewMatrix * vec4( position, 1.0 );
      vec4 worldPosition = modelMatrix * vec4( position, 1.0 );

      vec3 worldNormal = normalize( mat3( modelMatrix[0].xyz, modelMatrix[1].xyz, modelMatrix[2].xyz ) * normal );

      vec3 I = worldPosition.xyz - cameraPosition;

      vReflectionFactor = fresnelBias + fresnelScale * pow( 1.0 + dot( normalize( I ), worldNormal ), fresnelPower );

      gl_Position = projectionMatrix * mvPosition;
    }
    `;
    const fragmentShader = `
    uniform vec3 color1;
    uniform vec3 color2;

    varying float vReflectionFactor;

    void main() {
      float f = clamp( vReflectionFactor, 0.0, 1.0 );
      gl_FragColor = vec4(mix(color2, color1, vec3(f)), f);
    }
    `;

    const sunRimMaterial = new ShaderMaterial({
      uniforms,
      vertexShader,
      fragmentShader,
      transparent: true,
      blending: AdditiveBlending,
    });
    const sunRimGeometry = new IcosahedronGeometry(5, 12);
    const sunRimMesh = new Mesh(sunRimGeometry, sunRimMaterial);
    sunRimMesh.scale.setScalar(1.01);
    this.sunRim = sunRimMesh;
  }

  addLighting() {
    const sunLight = new PointLight(0xffff99, 1000);
    sunLight.position.set(0, 0, 0);
    this.group.add(sunLight);
  }

  createAnimateFunction() {
    return (t = 0) => {
      const time = t * 0.00051;
      requestAnimationFrame(this.animate);
      this.group.userData.update(time);
    };
  }

  getSun() {
    return this.group;
  }
}

創造行星

所有行星都是使用類似的邏輯建構的：每個行星都需要一個軌道、一個紋理、一個軌道速度和一個旋轉速度。對於需要它們的行星，也應該加入環。

import {
  Mesh,
  Color,
  Group,
  DoubleSide,
  RingGeometry,
  TorusGeometry,
  TextureLoader,
  ShaderMaterial,
  SRGBColorSpace,
  AdditiveBlending,
  MeshPhongMaterial,
  MeshBasicMaterial,
  IcosahedronGeometry,
} from "three";

export class Planet {
  group;
  loader;
  animate;
  planetGroup;
  planetGeometry;

  constructor({
    orbitSpeed = 1,
    orbitRadius = 1,
    orbitRotationDirection = "clockwise",

    planetSize = 1,
    planetAngle = 0,
    planetRotationSpeed = 1,
    planetRotationDirection = "clockwise",
    planetTexture = "/solar-system-threejs/assets/mercury-map.jpg",

    rimHex = 0x0088ff,
    facingHex = 0x000000,

    rings = null,
  } = {}) {
    this.orbitSpeed = orbitSpeed;
    this.orbitRadius = orbitRadius;
    this.orbitRotationDirection = orbitRotationDirection;

    this.planetSize = planetSize;
    this.planetAngle = planetAngle;
    this.planetTexture = planetTexture;
    this.planetRotationSpeed = planetRotationSpeed;
    this.planetRotationDirection = planetRotationDirection;

    this.rings = rings;

    this.group = new Group();
    this.planetGroup = new Group();
    this.loader = new TextureLoader();
    this.planetGeometry = new IcosahedronGeometry(this.planetSize, 12);

    this.createOrbit();
    this.createRings();
    this.createPlanet();
    this.createGlow(rimHex, facingHex);

    this.animate = this.createAnimateFunction();
    this.animate();
  }

  createOrbit() {
    const orbitGeometry = new TorusGeometry(this.orbitRadius, 0.01, 100);
    const orbitMaterial = new MeshBasicMaterial({
      color: 0xadd8e6,
      side: DoubleSide,
    });
    const orbitMesh = new Mesh(orbitGeometry, orbitMaterial);
    orbitMesh.rotation.x = Math.PI / 2;
    this.group.add(orbitMesh);
  }

  createPlanet() {
    const map = this.loader.load(this.planetTexture);
    const planetMaterial = new MeshPhongMaterial({ map });
    planetMaterial.map.colorSpace = SRGBColorSpace;
    const planetMesh = new Mesh(this.planetGeometry, planetMaterial);
    this.planetGroup.add(planetMesh);
    this.planetGroup.position.x = this.orbitRadius - this.planetSize / 9;
    this.planetGroup.rotation.z = this.planetAngle;
    this.group.add(this.planetGroup);
  }

  createGlow(rimHex, facingHex) {
    const uniforms = {
      color1: { value: new Color(rimHex) },
      color2: { value: new Color(facingHex) },
      fresnelBias: { value: 0.2 },
      fresnelScale: { value: 1.5 },
      fresnelPower: { value: 4.0 },
    };

    const vertexShader = `
    uniform float fresnelBias;
    uniform float fresnelScale;
    uniform float fresnelPower;

    varying float vReflectionFactor;

    void main() {
      vec4 mvPosition = modelViewMatrix * vec4( position, 1.0 );
      vec4 worldPosition = modelMatrix * vec4( position, 1.0 );

      vec3 worldNormal = normalize( mat3( modelMatrix[0].xyz, modelMatrix[1].xyz, modelMatrix[2].xyz ) * normal );

      vec3 I = worldPosition.xyz - cameraPosition;

      vReflectionFactor = fresnelBias + fresnelScale * pow( 1.0 + dot( normalize( I ), worldNormal ), fresnelPower );

      gl_Position = projectionMatrix * mvPosition;
    }
    `;

    const fragmentShader = `
      uniform vec3 color1;
      uniform vec3 color2;

      varying float vReflectionFactor;

      void main() {
        float f = clamp( vReflectionFactor, 0.0, 1.0 );
        gl_FragColor = vec4(mix(color2, color1, vec3(f)), f);
      }
    `;

    const planetGlowMaterial = new ShaderMaterial({
      uniforms,
      vertexShader,
      fragmentShader,
      transparent: true,
      blending: AdditiveBlending,
    });
    const planetGlowMesh = new Mesh(this.planetGeometry, planetGlowMaterial);
    planetGlowMesh.scale.setScalar(1.1);
    this.planetGroup.add(planetGlowMesh);
  }

  createRings() {
    if (!this.rings) return;

    const innerRadius = this.planetSize + 0.1;
    const outerRadius = innerRadius + this.rings.ringsSize;

    const ringsGeometry = new RingGeometry(innerRadius, outerRadius, 32);

    const ringsMaterial = new MeshBasicMaterial({
      side: DoubleSide,
      transparent: true,
      map: this.loader.load(this.rings.ringsTexture),
    });

    const ringMeshs = new Mesh(ringsGeometry, ringsMaterial);
    ringMeshs.rotation.x = Math.PI / 2;
    this.planetGroup.add(ringMeshs);
  }

  createAnimateFunction() {
    return () => {
      requestAnimationFrame(this.animate);

      this.updateOrbitRotation();
      this.updatePlanetRotation();
    };
  }

  updateOrbitRotation() {
    if (this.orbitRotationDirection === "clockwise") {
      this.group.rotation.y -= this.orbitSpeed;
    } else if (this.orbitRotationDirection === "counterclockwise") {
      this.group.rotation.y += this.orbitSpeed;
    }
  }

  updatePlanetRotation() {
    if (this.planetRotationDirection === "clockwise") {
      this.planetGroup.rotation.y -= this.planetRotationSpeed;
    } else if (this.planetRotationDirection === "counterclockwise") {
      this.planetGroup.rotation.y += this.planetRotationSpeed;
    }
  }

  getPlanet() {
    return this.group;
  }
}

對於地球，我擴展了 Planet 類別以加入額外的紋理，例如雲和行星夜間面的夜間紋理。

import {
  Mesh,
  AdditiveBlending,
  MeshBasicMaterial,
  MeshStandardMaterial,
} from "three";
import { Planet } from "./planet";

export class Earth extends Planet {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);

    this.createPlanetLights();
    this.createPlanetClouds();
  }

  createPlanetLights() {
    const planetLightsMaterial = new MeshBasicMaterial({
      map: this.loader.load("/solar-system-threejs/assets/earth-map-2.jpg"),
      blending: AdditiveBlending,
    });
    const planetLightsMesh = new Mesh(
      this.planetGeometry,
      planetLightsMaterial
    );
    this.planetGroup.add(planetLightsMesh);

    this.group.add(this.planetGroup);
  }

  createPlanetClouds() {
    const planetCloudsMaterial = new MeshStandardMaterial({
      map: this.loader.load("/solar-system-threejs/assets/earth-map-3.jpg"),
      transparent: true,
      opacity: 0.8,
      blending: AdditiveBlending,
      alphaMap: this.loader.load(
        "/solar-system-threejs/assets/earth-map-4.jpg"
      ),
    });
    const planetCloudsMesh = new Mesh(
      this.planetGeometry,
      planetCloudsMaterial
    );
    planetCloudsMesh.scale.setScalar(1.003);
    this.planetGroup.add(planetCloudsMesh);

    this.group.add(this.planetGroup);
  }
}

透過在 Google 上搜尋大約五分鐘，您將看到一個表格，其中包含將行星加入到場景中所需的所有值。

現在，所有行星和太陽都可以加入到場景中。

const planets = [
  {
    orbitSpeed: 0.00048,
    orbitRadius: 10,
    orbitRotationDirection: "clockwise",
    planetSize: 0.2,
    planetRotationSpeed: 0.005,
    planetRotationDirection: "counterclockwise",
    planetTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/mercury-map.jpg",
    rimHex: 0xf9cf9f,
  },
  {
    orbitSpeed: 0.00035,
    orbitRadius: 13,
    orbitRotationDirection: "clockwise",
    planetSize: 0.5,
    planetRotationSpeed: 0.0005,
    planetRotationDirection: "clockwise",
    planetTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/venus-map.jpg",
    rimHex: 0xb66f1f,
  },
  {
    orbitSpeed: 0.00024,
    orbitRadius: 19,
    orbitRotationDirection: "clockwise",
    planetSize: 0.3,
    planetRotationSpeed: 0.01,
    planetRotationDirection: "counterclockwise",
    planetTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/mars-map.jpg",
    rimHex: 0xbc6434,
  },
  {
    orbitSpeed: 0.00013,
    orbitRadius: 22,
    orbitRotationDirection: "clockwise",
    planetSize: 1,
    planetRotationSpeed: 0.06,
    planetRotationDirection: "counterclockwise",
    planetTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/jupiter-map.jpg",
    rimHex: 0xf3d6b6,
  },
  {
    orbitSpeed: 0.0001,
    orbitRadius: 25,
    orbitRotationDirection: "clockwise",
    planetSize: 0.8,
    planetRotationSpeed: 0.05,
    planetRotationDirection: "counterclockwise",
    planetTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/saturn-map.jpg",
    rimHex: 0xd6b892,
    rings: {
      ringsSize: 0.5,
      ringsTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/saturn-rings.jpg",
    },
  },
  {
    orbitSpeed: 0.00007,
    orbitRadius: 28,
    orbitRotationDirection: "clockwise",
    planetSize: 0.5,
    planetRotationSpeed: 0.02,
    planetRotationDirection: "clockwise",
    planetTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/uranus-map.jpg",
    rimHex: 0x9ab6c2,
    rings: {
      ringsSize: 0.4,
      ringsTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/uranus-rings.jpg",
    },
  },
  {
    orbitSpeed: 0.000054,
    orbitRadius: 31,
    orbitRotationDirection: "clockwise",
    planetSize: 0.5,
    planetRotationSpeed: 0.02,
    planetRotationDirection: "counterclockwise",
    planetTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/neptune-map.jpg",
    rimHex: 0x5c7ed7,
  },
];

planets.forEach((item) => {
  const planet = new Planet(item).getPlanet();
  scene.add(planet);
});

const earth = new Earth({
  orbitSpeed: 0.00029,
  orbitRadius: 16,
  orbitRotationDirection: "clockwise",
  planetSize: 0.5,
  planetAngle: (-23.4 * Math.PI) / 180,
  planetRotationSpeed: 0.01,
  planetRotationDirection: "counterclockwise",
  planetTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/earth-map-1.jpg",
}).getPlanet();

scene.add(earth);

結果，所有太陽係都會看起來像這樣：

部署到 GitHub 頁面

用於部署以在vite.config.js中設定正確的基礎。

如果您要部署至https://<USERNAME>.github.io/ ，或透過 GitHub Pages 部署至自訂網域，請將 base 設定為'/' 。或者，您可以從配置中刪除 base ，因為它預設為'/' 。

如果您要部署至https://<USERNAME>.github.io/<REPO>/ （例如，您的儲存庫位於https://github.com/<USERNAME>/<REPO> ），則將base 設定為'/<REPO>/' 。

前往儲存庫設定頁面中的 GitHub Pages 配置，然後選擇部署來源作為“GitHub Actions”，這將引導您建立建置和部署專案的工作流程，提供了使用 npm 安裝依賴項和建置的範例工作流程：

# Simple workflow for deploying static content to GitHub Pages
name: Deploy static content to Pages

on:
  # Runs on pushes targeting the default branch
  push:
    branches: ['main']

  # Allows you to run this workflow manually from the Actions tab
  workflow_dispatch:

# Sets the GITHUB_TOKEN permissions to allow deployment to GitHub Pages
permissions:
  contents: read
  pages: write
  id-token: write

# Allow one concurrent deployment
concurrency:
  group: 'pages'
  cancel-in-progress: true

jobs:
  # Single deploy job since we're just deploying
  deploy:
    environment:
      name: github-pages
      url: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.page_url }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Set up Node
        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: 20
          cache: 'npm'
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: npm ci
      - name: Build
        run: npm run build
      - name: Setup Pages
        uses: actions/configure-pages@v4
      - name: Upload artifact
        uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v3
        with:
          # Upload dist folder
          path: './dist'
      - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
        id: deployment
        uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4

就是這樣。如果您的部署尚未自動啟動，您始終可以在儲存庫的「操作」標籤中手動啟動它。已部署專案的連結可以在下面找到。

結論

今天就這樣！您可以在下面找到整個專案的連結。我希望你覺得這很有趣，並且不要仍然相信地球是平的。

再見！

儲存庫連結

部署連結

原文出處：https://dev.to/cookiemonsterdev/solar-system-with-threejs-3fe0