原文出處：https://dev.to/avatsaev/simple-state-management-in-angular-with-only-services-and-rxjs-41p8

軟體開發中最具挑戰性的事情之一是狀態管理。目前，Angular 應用程式有幾個狀態管理庫：NGRX、NGXS、Akita...它們都有不同的狀態管理風格，最受歡迎的是 NGRX，它幾乎遵循React 世界的FLUX/Redux 原則（基本上使用單向資料流和不可變資料結構，但使用RxJS可觀察流）。

但是，如果您不想學習、設定、使用整個狀態管理庫，也不想處理一個簡單專案的所有樣板文件，如果您只想使用您已經熟悉的工具來*管理狀態，該怎麼辦？Anular 開發人員 *，並且仍然獲得狀態管理庫提供的效能最佳化和一致性（推送變更偵測，一種不可變資料流）。

*免責聲明：這不是針對狀態管理庫的帖子。我們確實在工作中使用NGRX，它確實幫助我們在非常大和複雜的應用程式中管理非常複雜的狀態，但正如我常說的，NGRX 使簡單應用程式的事情變得複雜，並簡化了複雜應用程式的事情，請記住這一點。 *

在這篇文章中，我將向您展示一種僅使用 RxJS 和 依賴注入 來管理狀態的簡單方法，我們所有的元件樹都將使用 OnPush 更改檢測策略。

想像我們有一個簡單的 Todo 應用程式，我們想要管理它的狀態，我們已經設定了元件，現在我們需要一個服務來管理狀態，讓我們建立一個簡單的 Angular 服務：

// todos-store.service.ts

@Injectable({provideIn: 'root'})
export class TodosStoreService {

}

所以我們需要的是，一種提供待辦事項清單的方法，一種加入、刪除、過濾和完成待辦事項的方法，我們將使用 getter/setter 和 RxJS 的行為主題來執行此操作：

首先我們建立在 todos 中讀寫的方法：

// todos-store.service.ts

@Injectable({provideIn: 'root'})
export class TodosStoreService {

  // - We set the initial state in BehaviorSubject's constructor
  // - Nobody outside the Store should have access to the BehaviorSubject 
  //   because it has the write rights
  // - Writing to state should be handled by specialized Store methods (ex: addTodo, removeTodo, etc)
  // - Create one BehaviorSubject per store entity, for example if you have TodoGroups
  //   create a new BehaviorSubject for it, as well as the observable$, and getters/setters
  private readonly _todos = new BehaviorSubject<Todo[]>([]);

  // Expose the observable$ part of the _todos subject (read only stream)
  readonly todos$ = this._todos.asObservable();

  // the getter will return the last value emitted in _todos subject
  get todos(): Todo[] {
    return this._todos.getValue();
  }

  // assigning a value to this.todos will push it onto the observable 
  // and down to all of its subsribers (ex: this.todos = [])
  private set todos(val: Todo[]) {
    this._todos.next(val);
  }

  addTodo(title: string) {
    // we assaign a new copy of todos by adding a new todo to it 
    // with automatically assigned ID ( don't do this at home, use uuid() )
    this.todos = [
      ...this.todos, 
      {id: this.todos.length + 1, title, isCompleted: false}
    ];
  }

  removeTodo(id: number) {
    this.todos = this.todos.filter(todo => todo.id !== id);
  }

}

現在讓我們建立一個方法來設定待辦事項的完成狀態：

// todos-store.service.ts

setCompleted(id: number, isCompleted: boolean) {
  let todo = this.todos.find(todo => todo.id === id);

  if(todo) {
    // we need to make a new copy of todos array, and the todo as well
    // remember, our state must always remain immutable
    // otherwise, on push change detection won't work, and won't update its view    

    const index = this.todos.indexOf(todo);
    this.todos[index] = {
      ...todo,
      isCompleted
    }
    this.todos = [...this.todos];
  }
}

最後是一個可觀察的來源，它將只為我們提供已完成的待辦事項：

// todos-store.service.ts

// we'll compose the todos$ observable with map operator to create a stream of only completed todos
readonly completedTodos$ = this.todos$.pipe(
  map(todos => todos.filter(todo => todo.isCompleted))
)

現在，我們的待辦事項商店看起來像這樣：

// todos-store.service.ts

@Injectable({providedIn: 'root'})
export class TodosStoreService {

  // - We set the initial state in BehaviorSubject's constructor
  // - Nobody outside the Store should have access to the BehaviorSubject 
  //   because it has the write rights
  // - Writing to state should be handled by specialized Store methods (ex: addTodo, removeTodo, etc)
  // - Create one BehaviorSubject per store entity, for example if you have TodoGroups
  //   create a new BehaviorSubject for it, as well as the observable$, and getters/setters
  private readonly _todos = new BehaviorSubject<Todo[]>([]);

  // Expose the observable$ part of the _todos subject (read only stream)
  readonly todos$ = this._todos.asObservable();

  // we'll compose the todos$ observable with map operator to create a stream of only completed todos
  readonly completedTodos$ = this.todos$.pipe(
    map(todos => todos.filter(todo => todo.isCompleted))
  )

  // the getter will return the last value emitted in _todos subject
  get todos(): Todo[] {
    return this._todos.getValue();
  }

  // assigning a value to this.todos will push it onto the observable 
  // and down to all of its subsribers (ex: this.todos = [])
  private set todos(val: Todo[]) {
    this._todos.next(val);
  }

  addTodo(title: string) {
    // we assaign a new copy of todos by adding a new todo to it 
    // with automatically assigned ID ( don't do this at home, use uuid() )
    this.todos = [
      ...this.todos, 
      {id: this.todos.length + 1, title, isCompleted: false}
    ];
  }

  removeTodo(id: number) {
    this.todos = this.todos.filter(todo => todo.id !== id);
  }

  setCompleted(id: number, isCompleted: boolean) {
    let todo = this.todos.find(todo => todo.id === id);

    if(todo) {
      // we need to make a new copy of todos array, and the todo as well
      // remember, our state must always remain immutable
      // otherwise, on push change detection won't work, and won't update its view
      const index = this.todos.indexOf(todo);
      this.todos[index] = {
        ...todo,
        isCompleted
      }
      this.todos = [...this.todos];
    }
  }

}

現在我們的智慧元件可以存取商店並輕鬆操作它：

（PS：我建議使用ImmutableJS而不是手動管理不變性）

// app.component.ts

export class AppComponent  {
  constructor(public todosStore: TodosStoreService) {}
}

<!-- app.component.html -->

<div class="all-todos">

  <p>All todos</p>

  <app-todo 
    *ngFor="let todo of todosStore.todos$ | async"
    [todo]="todo"
    (complete)="todosStore.setCompleted(todo.id, $event)"
    (remove)="todosStore.removeTodo($event)"
  ></app-todo>
</div>

這是完整的最終結果：

StackBlitz 上具有真實 REST API 的完整範例

這也是一種可擴展的狀態管理方式，您可以使用Angular 強大的DI 系統輕鬆地將其他儲存服務注入彼此，將其可觀察量與管道運算符結合起來以建立更複雜的可觀察量，並注入HttpClient 等服務以從伺服器提取資料例如。無需所有 NGRX 樣板或安裝其他狀態管理庫。盡可能保持簡單和輕鬆。

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